Organized sport Essay Example for Free

Organized sport Essay There are multiple benefits of playing an organized sport in school and it definitely help you out in life. Confidence is a huge part of being part of an organized sport. When you improve and keep improving you will start to feel better about yourself. Your coach will tell you the same thing when you are doing well and that should be a great feeling and will greatly increase your confidence. Sportsmanship is another benefit of playing sports. When someone makes you angry when you are playing you need to be able to stay composed and don’t let it get to you. It’s the same way when you are not playing a sport. You shouldn’t need to start anything with anyone. Playing organized sports will also help you with getting along with people. You need to be able to get along with your teammates especially. It is part of team chemistry and if it isn’t there then the team might not be as good as they could be if you just got along. If you don’t like them you still need to get along with them while playing your sport or it wont work. Students who participate in organized sports tend to work harder in school and have greater educational aspirations. It can also be an incentive to get better grades in school. Some schools require minimum grade point averages and attendance to be eligible. Parents can also set certain requirements for their kids. When children participate in these types of activities they learn to communicate and work better with their peers and adults. Organized sports are usually made up of kids who have a lot of different social backgrounds. Which can help teach them about diversity and give them the opportunity to make new friends. It teaches you a strong work ethic as well. They are more likely to be active and hard working students. Organized sports teach kids how to be disciplined during practice and how to focus to the task they are doing at the moment, and how to be patient when things get a little rough. Athletes also have to be able to achieve balance between their schoolwork and sports. There are many ways that benefit kids who participate in organized sports. Perseverance will make them stronger and the will gain the willpower to be the best athlete they can possibly be.

The Death Penalty Essay -- Capital Punishment Essays

The Death Penalty The Death Penalty seems to haunt the US mindset. While more countries are dropping the procedure as cruel the US still holds on. Eighty percent of Americans are still for the Death Penalty, citing revenge as the main reason, which is why families are allowed to watch the execution . Organizations like Amnesty International condemn the US regularly, as well as most Democratic nations. What I want to address is why the dialogue is ineffective. The proponents of the Death Penalty make arguments aimed at people's deepest emotional fears. They develop an idea of revenge within people's minds by suggesting the death of family members and create sympathy for families' victims. On the other hand groups like Amnesty International argue the effectiveness of the Death Penalty as a deterrent. They show the inherent racism of a mostly white system convicting mostly minorities to the Death Penalty. And they attempt to demonstrate the cruelty of sentencing someone to death. It's causing sympathy for the murder victims that cause people who oppose the death penalty to blunder. Where proponents are able to garner sympathy by putting someone in the situation of a family member, opponents are unable to cause people to identify with a murderer. It is because we have no words to express their pain properly, that death penalty proponents fail to make stir sympathy, they have no way of expressing what it feels like to know the time of your death ahead of time, how it feels to be electrocuted, hung, shot, or poisoned. "Why not lock up criminals for life if the death penalty is not a deterrent?" pro-Death Penalty advocates ask. Because putting a person in jail for life doesn't put an end to their murdering. While... ...ames. http://law.about.com/newsissues/law/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.cpa.ca/cjbs/1996/ful%5Fogloff.html Morrison, John. http://www.mit-tech.edu/V113/N53/issue/ Arendt, Hannah. The Life of the Mind: Thinking (Vol. 1). Harcourt Brace: NY: 1978 (182). Jacoby, Jeff. http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/Jacoby.htm Feder, Don. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/columnists/don01102001.htm Bradbury, Michael. http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/affirmation.htm Bradbury, Michael. http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/affirmation.htm http://excalib1.aspensys.com/scripts/cqcgi.exe/@abstracts.env?CQ_SESSION_KEY=TYGAPHZBVPFW&CQ_TPT_FULL_RECORD=YES&CQDOC_ID=185634&CQDOC_NUM=2&CQBLOCKSTART=1&CQPAGE_NUMBER=1&CQBLOCK_INCREMENT=50 Murdock, Deroy. http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/murdock.htm http://roswell.fortunecity.com/blavatsky/123/polit.html

Community Crime Prevention Strategies Essay

Do community safety, crime prevention; crime reduction initiatives help all victims? Choose specific types of CS – police led, management of offenders, crime prevention as focus. The Home Office delineates community safety as, â€Å"An aspect of quality of life in which people, individually and collectively, are protected as far as possible from hazards or threats that result from the criminal or anti-social behaviour of others and are equipped or helped to cope with those they do experience† (Home Office: 1998) The fear of crime can impact us in a major way on how we feel about our community. â€Å"Localised action against crime† also know as community safety, crime prevention or crime reduction; is often practiced by police officers and authority workers e.g. Probation workers, housing officers etc. Community safety focuses on introducing physical and social changes to local communities to enforce balance and prevent crime and disorder from taking place. There are three ways of classifying crime prevention, primary secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention targets the general population to prevent crime from happening before it has happens. Secondary prevention targets the population that is most at risk, where Tertiary prevention focuses on the individual; Often a known offender (Newburn, 2007:566) The aim of community safety is to allow local residents to be able to live their lives freely, yet still feel comfortable and protected in their area by local authorities. All citizens should be able to live without interruption or fear that may come from crime and disorder. In some ways community safety can be hard to define, as various communities have different ways of carrying out the service. In some communities citizens have a say in what issues they feel need to be addressed and prioritized for action in their community; and in others they don’t. So where some issues may be of relevance in one community, it won’t be of relevance in another. Most importantly once an issue has been tackled it is fundamental that it does not re-occur. Offending behavior can negatively affect an individual and/or a whole community. By reducing offending behavior community service should generally improve the quality of live of an individual or community, both socially and economically. Without first addressing fear and typical preconceptions of crime, any action to prevent anti-social behavior will be of no relevance, as communities may be unaware of the changes occurring and therefore reluctant to believe that they are being protected. It is after the Morgan Report in 1991 when the term ‘Community safety’ first came into notion. As stated by ‘CSinfo magazine’ â€Å"The term community safety was not well defined then and in some eyes the same is true today† (CSinfo: n.d.). Anti social behavior and the nature of crime can cause the focus of community service to shift at times. This is mainly because of the difference in cultures, various religions and ethnic groups that may be in one community. Therefore we can question if community service is effective in a diverse society. In all of this we must take diversity and ethics into consideration. In society people have different values and approaches to life. Diversity is the unique difference that we all have. In all walks of life there will always be people from various backgrounds that we must make contact with. Diversity can be a cause of conflict and tensions within a society. Community safety aims to prevent divisions within a community and create unity to establish a safer and more comfortable lifestyle for civilians. Community safety or community policing can be very effective in society as it establishes a good and trusting relationship between the police and citizens. The police become â€Å"part of the neighbourhood† (Anon: 2010), In addition to creating relationships it also enables the police to become aware of what the community needs. This partnership allows police officers to familiarize themselves with individual members of the community. As well as this, they are able to remember important information about the people that are of risk to the community. In all aspects of policing there will always be advantages and disadvantages. A great advantage of community policing is that it reduces any fear that one may have. This creates a sense of trust between the police and community and therefore civilians will feel safer. ‘Law teacher’ states, â€Å"as citizens become more active in taking care of their community, they start to understand what officers actually do on a day-to-day basis† (Anon: 2010). A disadvantage of community policing is that without the trust of the community and community involvement there isn’t much that the police can do. If they don’t have first hand knowledge of certain issues within the community they cannot solve it nor can they be aware of the specific citizens that are of risk to the rest of the community. The majority of people find it hard to trust the police, especially in ethic minority communities where many people believe that the police are racist. In saying this any attempt to help a community will fail, as there is no partnership between the police and community. Another disadvantage is that community policing is a long-term partnership and results will not be seen immediately. Members of the community may feel as though they are wasting their time in trusting in the police to better their neighborhood, yet nothing has changed. The relationship must be maintained for it to work. â€Å"Community policing is a philosophy, not a program† (Roth: 2000,183) An additional disadvantage is that the same members of the community step forward to help and improve the neighborhood, however it requires the help and belief of whole (or majority) of the community for the service to be effective. â€Å"Community policing is only as good as its community involvement† (Law Teacher: 2010). Overall the advantages weigh out the disadvantages of community policing. Community policing is effective as it establishes a relationship between the police and citizens, which generally improves the safety and the peace of mind of the community. â€Å"Community-based programs are important in the service delivery in many communities†(Mancini & Marek: 2004, 339). To prevent crime in their neighbourhood people develop programs that aid in the prevention of crime and disorder in their community. There are several community policing programs, the most popular program is known to be the ‘neighbourhood watch’, where locals come together to make their community a safer place. Neighbourhood watch can be beneficial to a community as it allows locals to be aware of any suspicious activity. ‘National Night Out’ is another program that helps to fight crime in a community. Residents that participate in this, leave their outside lights on during the night, in the hope that civilians will safeguarded at night time where (in more dangerous areas) there are more drug and alcohol misusers gallivanting the streets. D.A.R.E which stands for ‘ Drug Abuse Resistance Education’, is a program that seeks to make young adults (teenagers) feel good about the police, as well as preventing violent behavior, the abuse of drugs and alcohol and gang involvement. The program informs young people on how to say no from peer pressure, and build the necessary skills that they need to ensure a better lifestyle. Through D.A.R.E students are able to identify the perils of violence in their community as well as in their schools. Neoliberism, the idea that the rich stay rich and the poor stay poor. In place of tackling poverty right realists would prefer to reduce crime through control. They argue with Marxists that although several old people are poor their crime rate is low. They believe that labeling theory â€Å"romanticises† the criminal by being too sympathetic. The problem with this approach is that although harsh methods of punishment may be good for the moment, they aren’t very effective for the long term. When putting someone in prison all aspects of their life must be considered. The offender may have a family that solely depends on them. In addition the offender may have health issues that could deteriorate in a prison environment. The biosocial theory of criminal behavior was introduced in 1985 by Wilson and Herrnstein. They explored the notion that criminal behavior is influenced by social and biological factors. Herrnstein and Murray believed that low intelligence was the main cause of crime. Also developed from biological causes. Yes it is true that the chance of a person becoming an offender can be increased by biological cause however, it is believed that environmental have more influence on an offenders behavior. â€Å"Charles Murray (1990) argues crime is increasing because of a growing underclass who is defined by deviant behaviour and who fails to socialise properly† (Anon: 2012). . Unlike right realists, left realists share the same views as labour government. Described as socialist in 1984 Lea and Young support the modification of society rather than the avant-garde change by a few Marxists. They debate that right wing politicians in an industrial capitalist society, have presented themselves accordingly as the parties of forces of law and order. Left realist believe that all crimes with the exception of white collar crime need to be tackled and elucidated as they are a serious problem. Since World War Two there has been a significant increase in street crime (Young: 1993) â€Å"Criminology has undergone an etiological crisis† (Anon:2012). This has resulted from the rise in offences that are being recorded officially. Both right realism and left realism share similarities but there are also extreme differences. An example of this is that they both have different political views, where right realists have a conservative mind, left realist have a labour mind. Despite this both believe that crime is a ‘real’ problem, and they fear that crime is rational. Through the way that both sides explain crime, it is clear that right realists are neo conservative, whereas left realists are reformist socialists. Right realists put the blame of offending on the individual but left realists consider environment and relative deprivation, sympathising with the offender. In the same way both sides also have varying political differences, which is shown through their aims and how they plan on soling problems of crime. â€Å"The right prioritise social order achieved through a tough stance of offenders while the left prioritise justice achieved through democratic policing and reforms to create greater equality† (Anon:2012). â€Å"As with other signs of brutishness, the sight of violence, pain, or physical suffering became highly disturbing and distasteful to modern sensibilities† (Garland, 1990: 223). A man like Garland who can be considered as a right realist suggests that we should be more punitive. He argues that we live in a culture that needs more control; although we have become more civilized, we are also more acceptant of mercy and as a society we tend not to punish as hard as they did in the olden days. Despite Garland’s views many still believe that we haven’t learnt to punish less. Moreover some people insist that we have learnt to punish better through the use of modern technology. Unless an offender is of high risk to the rest of society, it is better to rehabilitate through intervention rather than imprison, in the attempt to just remove the person from society. In most cases imprisonment is more expensive than interventions (Williams: 2010). Nevertheless it is still a major aim to manage the risk of reoffending through â€Å"warehousing† (over crowded Imprisonment). Supervised by probation officers, who would advise assist and befriend them† (Probation of Offenders Act 1907). If these requirements were/are neglected the offender may be sent back to court to be re-assed and re-sentenced. (Canton: 2011, 5). â€Å"Offenders would be on probation:instead of being ounished, and on their undertaking to be of good behavior, they would be put to the test and given an opportunity to show they could lead good and industri â€Å"Criminals are not normal, they are wicked, evil, different to us, they are dangerous and they are strangers† (Wilson and Herrnstein: 1985). This is the idea that criminals are like animals, out of control and driven by their animalistic lust to do inhumane things. Crime is linked to low IQ; suggesting that most criminals are black and/or Asian, coming from backgrounds that cannot afford to educate children. The level of how risky someone is should determine the intensity of intervention they must endure. There are wide ranges of interventions in the criminal justice system. Diversion, Reparation, Unpaid work, Supervision and counseling, Basic Skills, Group work programmes, Drug and alcohol programmes, Therapeutic communities’, Circles of support and women’s programmes. We typically do not see only one kind of criminal offender. Although a plethora of offences are made daily, the uniqueness of one person will be different from the criminogenic needs of another person. Diversity and sociological aspects of crime can be an influence of this. Where some offenders may be employed, others could be unemployed. Some may be dependent on drugs; others may have alcohol problems, or suffer from mental illnesses. Despite this a Right realist would rather punish the offender under any circumstance. Realists see crime as something that is real; they believe in solving the problems of crime, whereas Marxists see crime and deviance as something that has been socially constructed through an unequal world and exploited society. Much like the conservative government, right realists trust that there is a solution to the growing crime rates in society. Rather than finding the causes of crime right realists seek to find practical methods in which crime can be monitored. In the opinion of a right realist offenders should be punished rather than rehabilitated. Many see this method as impractical as individually offenders have different criminogenic needs. MAPPA (Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements). ‘Prisoners Families and Friends service’ states; â€Å"It is not a legal body or framework, but a set of arrangements for supervising offenders in the community. They are principally a structure by which the various agencies an offender comes into contact with can share information and thereby monitor risk factors after the person is released† (Anon: n.d, 26) Joining responsible authorities, MAPPA manage high risk offenders. Forming a partnership with other agencies that may be working with the offender. Once MAPPA and other joined agencies come to a decision on the extent of how risky the person is. A risk management plan will put in order for the offender, which is then reviewed on a regular basis; addressing anti social behavior by monitoring the offender. In a similar way DAAT also monitor offenders. DAAT (Drug and Alcohol Action Team) is a partnership that is accountable for carrying out the 10-year strategy and three year action plan for the government. DAAT unifies all local agencies that have involvement in addressing drug use e.g social services, the voluntary sector. DAAT aim to protect communities by reduces all forms of drug related crime. Preventing danger to families and individuals affected by the use of drugs and alcohol. As well as offenders there are organisations that support victims of crime. These organisations hold programs that are set out to help crime victims move forward through counseling and other services that teach victims their rights in terms of the law. In the USA 35 million people become victims of crime every year (Anon: 2012). After crime most victims and their families are left in a terrible state. Physically, mentally, emotionally and financially, which can be difficult to resolve. Because of this special organisations for victims have been created in the attempt to help millions of victims all over the world. The world has changed very quickly through globalization. We currently contemplate whether science and technology are now creating more risk rather than preventing it. An example of this is through the effect of bullying and anti social behavior with the use of the Internet and social networking sites. And the idea that the world is becoming smaller and smaller. Kinnvall and Jonson stated in 2002 that globalization will have a massive impact on our society forever as it covers all issues from economics, and politics to western culture and specifically â€Å"Americanisation† (Karofi and muanza: 2006). Many people see americanisation as a good thing as it provides development for all, however others would disagree by suggesting that it is a threat to peoples cultures. Discussed in three sections by Kinnvall and Johnson the globalisation process consists of scale, speed and cognition – From the links between social and political societies to the time frame in which globalisation is being hypothesised. In their research Kinnvall and Johnson make it clear that globalisation is not a new discovery. But because of how quickly the world has developed since the millennium increased awareness of globalisation has been made. It is hard ton think of a world without new technology, just 30 years ago the development of the Internet was begin ning. As mentioned previously every offender is different and therefore has an individual criminogenic need; the same goes for victims. Some victims may need long-term assistance depending on how serious the crime was e.g. rape, domestic violence. ‘sensitive crimes prosecution’ are cases like child abuse, child neglect and sexual assault. Organisations have specific programs that deal with these cases where the aim is to shield the victim from having to retell the story of the crime in which they were involved. In many cases victims have to tell their stories numerous times and this can because a daunting and even more traumatizing experience for them. In some circumstances it can even make the victim more unlikely to open up. If the truth isn’t told the full service cannot be fulfilled. To prevent this, the service assigns one lawyer to each case so that the victim only has to tell the story a few times. In doing this both victims and the system are at an advantage. There are programs designed to help all kinds of victims. When dealing with property crime victims mediation is used as a form of mediation. Mediation allows both the victim and offender to receive the correct benefits or sentencing he or she deserves. The victims service organization have a financial restitution program where anything that the offender stole or damaged from the victims property is replaced. This is done through a court ordered sanction. (Andrews: 1989). The program helps victims calculate how much has been damaged in addition to completing the necessary forms, maintain records informing the appropriate officials about the victim’s desire for restitution (Anon: 2012) â€Å"Through the mediator, the victim and offender talk together about trust, completion of the restitution, and what determines if they will meet again† (Anon: 2012). This cannot be done in all situations. E.g. in a situation of rape it is highly unlikely that the victim will want to come in any form of contact with the offender and officials will not expect or ask them too. The programs also file claims for victims. They do as much for the victims as possible to make it easier for them, even little things like filling out forms. Mock trials of criminal justice proceedings are officered so that the victim may become aware of what the real trial may consists of. Preparing them in all areas so that they are not blind-sided. A social working will prepare the victim by asking them a number of questions that may be asked during the trial. Often victims are given information on where the case is heading before any trial has taken place. The victim has the right to state their opinion on pardons and parole hearings. In answering the question and essay title, yes I do believe that crime reduction initiatives help all victims of crime. Even in murder cases the victims families are always addressed and taken care of in the correct way (in most cases). The service that initiatives provide for victims, give the victims a place to turn to for guidance and support in seeking the rightful justice that they deserve. Programs like crisis intervention allow the victim to start recovering from their victimization and deal with their situation. †Restitution and returning of stolen property is another way that victims may financially deal with their victimization. Also simply making victims aware of the rights is an excellent start to the victim’s search for justice† (Anon: 2012). Bibliography: Anon. (2012). Assess the value of the left and right realist approaches to crime and deviance. Available: http://potmd.wordpress.com/2012/03/10/assess-the-value-of-the-left-and-right-realist-approaches-to-crime-and-deviance/. Last accessed 4th Jan 2013 Anon. (n.d.). DAAT. Available: http://www.medway.gov.uk/communityandliving/communitysafety/drugsandalcoholactionteam.aspx. Last accessed 4th Jan 2013. Anon. (2012). high risk offenders. Available: http://www.highland.gov.uk/healthandsocialcare/criminaljusticeservices/highriskoffenders.htm. Last accessed 5th jan 2013. Anon. (2012). Left realism and crime. Available: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/left_realism_crime.htm. Last accessed 6th Jan 2013. Anon. (n.d.). what is community safety?. Available: http://www.csinfo.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&lay

Mining Patterns for Career path based on Innate Talents - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3431 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: Career Path Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Selecting an appropriate career path is one of the most important decisions in an individual’s life span. People end up getting into a profession where they neither enjoy nor get out of it due to several reasons like financial situation, family pressure, single source of income, cost of education and availability of vast career opportunities. Thus, student may select a wrong career option and the consequences of this wrong decision could be job dissatisfaction. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mining Patterns for Career path based on Innate Talents" essay for you Create order An ultimate motive behind this research is to identify the most suitable career path that fits personality and working environment resulting positive outcome such as job satisfaction by using an appropriate data mining technique and a validated Holland’s theory, which is one of the most popular models used for career personality tests. Apart from this, other three factors will be obtained. Thus, for finding the Intersection, four factors are going to be considered: their personality traits, their interests, market trends and pay scales. The proposed system would help students to select an appropriate career path based on their personality traits by matching their â€Å"three-letter code† with the employee’s code. I. INTRODUCTION In Today’s world Career recommendation to the college students is a herculean task. The awareness of Career among the students is very less. Some students don’t know their abilities. Some students choose the career because his/her friend has chosen the same or their guardian forces them to opt for a career without knowing the actual interests, strengths and abilities in a particular area. Some parents force to satisfy his dream which they have seen in their childhood. Thus, students suffer a whole life. So, to help students from such conditions people have started the career counselling organizations. They provide guidance regarding career but does not analyse the abilities of the students. So, they allow students to choose career on their own. Here same problems occur that students don’t know their actual interest, abilities and strengths. Thus, to overcome such situation this project aims at evaluating some patterns by applying data mining techniques on employee’s data that would help students to select an appropriate career path based on their personality traits, their interests, market trends and pay scales. II. RELATED WORK There are various websites and web applications over the internet which helps students to know their suitable career path. But most of those systems only used personality traits as the only factor to predict the career, which might result in an inconsistent answer. Similarly, there are few sites that suggest career based on only the interests of the students. But the systems did not consider market trends and pay scales to increase the job satisfaction. None of the system has considered all the four factors namely personality traits, interests, market trends and pay scales. Also, the suggestion provided by the system for course is much generalized. For example, the results of few systems were a group of courses like data analyst, accountant, law etc. Thus, if a student gets such a recommendation then he/she might again get confused as the above specified course belong to different streams. The paper by [1] Elakia, Gayathri, Aarthi and Naren J suggest suitable career options for high school students based on every student’s interests, skills, likes, hobbies etc. and they have considered â€Å"discipline† as an important factor to continue higher studies and pursue one’s career. hence the chance of a student to get violent in future is predicted. The main objective of the paper by [2] Avinsh Kumar, Akshat Gawankar, Kunal Borge Mr Nilesh M Patil is to provide an overview on the data mining algorithm that are been used to predict student profile and personality. They have created online survey system that will help student to make career choices and understand their personality traits. Another paper by [3] Gentaneh Berie Tarekegn Dr. Vuda Sreenivasarao have attempted to use data mining techniques to analyse student’s entrance exam result to predict student’s placement into departments. The paper by [4] Nikita Gorad, Ishani Zalte, Aishwarya Nandi Deepali Nayak recommends the student, a career option based on their personality trait, interest and their capacity to take up the course. According to the paper by [5] Lokesh S. Katore, Bhakti S. Ratnaparkhi Dr. Jayant S. Umale they have developed the career recommendation system which will recommend the career to the students based on their personality traits. The paper by [6] Ms. Roshani Ade Dr. P.R. Deshmukh suggested incremental ensemble of classifiers in which the hypothesis from number of classifiers were experimented and by using ‘Majority voting rule’, the fin al result was determined. III. OVERVIEW The basic idea of this research is to acquire the data from the employees and to evaluate some patterns from that data. From that evaluated patterns certain career can be suggested to the students. For evaluating patterns from the employee’s data, four factors are going to be considered: their personality traits, their interests, market trends and pay scales. Figure 1: Four factors 1. Personality traits: Hollands six personality types are considered here as various personality traits. According to Holland’s theory of career choice most people are one of six personality types: Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional Thus, using these personality types, different careers will be classified. [7] Here, 42 questions are asked for evaluating personality traits. The â€Å"three-letter code† with the highest scores will be determined from these six personality types. Then after this â€Å"three-letter code† will be matched with some already defined professions and if there is a match between this profession and a code then it will return â€Å"Yes† in â€Å"P-E fit† field otherwise â€Å"No†. Thus, first factor named â€Å"P-E fit† will be evaluated. 2. Interest: Interest in this context means asking employees whether they are doing interest-based job or not. If â€Å"yes† then only we will consider their data for pattern evaluation and if â€Å"no† then we will simply ignore that entries because we aim to suggest the career on the basis of the employee’s data and if employee is not satisfied with his/her job then that is not the perfect match for him/her also, ultimately they are doing something in what they not even interested so, how can we suggest it to students? So, its mandatory that we verify the data which we are going to use for suggesting the career path to the students. Thus, second factor named â€Å"Interest based† will be evaluated. 3. Market trend: Top trending jobs from the market will be taken into consideration. The labour market is changing rapidly. No one can be sure of what will happen in the future, but some trends in the labour market do give clues about what is likely to happen. When making decisions about your education or career, it is important to understand these trends and to make good choices based on this information. [11] As of now, for this research purpose, its assumed that â€Å"Travel agent† is not a trending job as the internet has turned vacationers into their own travel agents. Websites, such as Kayak and Expedia, and Web applications, such as MakeMyTrip, Trivago, TripAdvisor enable travellers to book flights, cruises, and hotel rooms with ease. Hence, no travel agents are needed any more. So, if there is a travel agent in the responses then it will return â€Å"No† in â€Å"Trending job† field otherwise â€Å"Yes†. Thus, third factor named â€Å"Trending job † can be evaluated. 4. Pay scale: A pay scale (also known as a salary structure) is a system that determines how much an employee is to be paid as a wage or salary, based on one or more factors such as the employees level, rank or status within the employers organization, the length of time that the employee has been employed, and the difficulty of the specific work performed. [8] For evaluating fourth factor named â€Å"Pays well†, we have assumed that 10,000 should be the minimum salary for any employees working in any field, so if their salary is less than 10,000 then it will return â€Å"No† in â€Å"Pays well† field otherwise â€Å"Yes†. IV. IMPLEMENTATION Figure 2: Implementation steps Step 1. Data collection (using google form-spreadsheet): The first step of implementation was to collect data from employees working in different fields. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted using Google forms. The questions asked in the survey are based on personality traits (42), and two more questions for asking about their interest and income. This data has been collected from the employees working in various job sectors such as State Bank of India(Modasa), Union Bank(Gandhinagar), Travel Infoline(Ahmedabad), Institute for Photography Excellence(Ahmedabad), inifd(Gandhinagar), District court(Gandhinagar), Rajshree Studio(Idar), Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited (Mehsana) and Nootan Vidyalaya(Kadi). As this is the google form, I shared the link with all my friends and family members and asked them to fill it and forward it in their groups. Figure 3: Google form sample Step 2. Downloaded as MS Excel: Responses was downloaded as MS Excel (.xlsx) Figure 4: Raw dataset Step 3. Pre-processing (in excel): Then data obtained from the survey had to pre-processed and consolidated into a common format as required by the system in MS Excel. Based on the answers given by employees, three-letter code for each individual was generated. For example, with a code of RIA you would most resemble the Realistic type, somewhat but less resemble the Investigative type, and somewhat but even less resemble the Artistic type. The types that are not in your code are the types you resemble least of all. Most people, and most jobs, are some combination of two or three of the Holland interest areas. [9] By using this data â€Å"P-E fit†, â€Å"Interest based†, â€Å"Trending job† and â€Å"Pays well† was determined and then after â€Å"Intersection† was calculated by considering all these four factors. If all the four factor’s values are â€Å"Yes† then â€Å"Intersection† field’s value will be â€Å"Yes† otherwise â€Å"No†. Thus, target attribute named â€Å"Intersection† will be evaluated. Figure 5: Pre-processed dataset Step 4. DM Tool (RStudio): RStudio is a data mining open source tool for applying data mining algorithms over the data collected from the users. It is an â€Å"Integrated development environment (IDE)† that helps you develop programs in R that means R is a â€Å"Programming language† while R studio is a â€Å"Platform† to use R. You can use R without using RStudio, but you cant use RStudio without using R, so R comes first. [10] Step 5. DM Algorithm: Data mining is all about extracting patterns from an organizations stored or warehoused data. These patterns can be used to gain insight into aspects of the organizations operations, and to predict outcomes for future situations as an aid to decision-making. [4] A. Decision tree algorithm: A decision tree is a structure that includes a root node, branches, and leaf nodes. Each internal node denotes a test on an attribute, each branch denotes the outcome of a test, and each leaf node holds a class label. The topmost node in the tree is the root node. [22] 1. ID3: In decision tree learning, ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) is an algorithm invented by Ross Quinlan, used to generate a decision tree from a dataset. ID3 is the precursor to the C4.5 algorithm, and is typically used in the machine learning and natural language processing domains.[12] 2. C4.5: C4.5 is an algorithm used to generate a decision tree developed by Ross Quinlan. C4.5 is an extension of Quinlans earlier ID3 algorithm. The decision trees generated by C4.5 can be used for classification, and for this reason, C4.5 is often referred to as a statistical classifier. Authors of the Weka machine learning software described the C4.5 algorithm as a landmark decision tree program that is probably the machine learning workhorse most widely used in practice to date. It became quite popular after ranking #1 in the Top 10 Algorithms in Data Mining pre-eminent paper published by Springer LNCS in 2008. Improvements from ID.3 algorithm: C4.5 made a number of improvements to ID3. Some of these are: Handling both continuous and discrete attributes In order to handle continuous attributes, C4.5 creates a threshold and then splits the list into those whose attribute value is above the threshold and those that are less than or equal to it. Handling training data with missing attribute values C4.5 allows attribute values to be marked as â€Å"?† for missing. Missing attribute values are simply not used in gain and entropy calculations. Handling attributes with differing costs. Pruning trees after creation C4.5 goes back through the tree once its been created and attempts to remove branches that do not help by replacing them with leaf nodes. [13] 3. C5.0: C5.0 is widely used as a decision tree method. It provides the set of rules which is easy to understand. C5.0 algorithm gives acknowledge on noise and missing data. Problem of over fitting and error pruning is solved by the C5.0 algorithm. In classification technique, the C5.0 classifier can anticipate which attributes are relevant and which are not relevant in classification. [4] Improvements in C5.0 algorithm: C5.0 offers a number of improvements on C4.5. Some of these are: Speed C5.0 is significantly faster than C4.5 Memory usage C5.0 is more memory efficient than C4.5 Smaller decision trees C5.0 gets similar results to C4.5 with considerably smaller decision trees. Support for boosting Boosting improves the trees and gives them more accuracy. Weighting C5.0 allows you to weight different cases and misclassification types. Winnowing a C5.0 option automatically winnows the attributes to remove those that may be unhelpful. [14] Boosted C5.0: Adaptive boosting involves making several models that â€Å"vote† how to classify an example. To do this you need to add the ‘trials’ parameter to the code. The ‘trial’ parameter sets the upper limit of the number of models R will iterate if necessary. [15] 4. CART: Classification and Regression Trees (CART) split attributes based on values that minimize a loss function, such as sum of squared errors. [16] Classification and regression trees (CART) are a non-parametric decision tree learning technique that produces either classification or regression trees, depending on whether the dependent variable is categorical or numeric, respectively. Decision trees are formed by a collection of rules based on variables in the modelling data set: Rules based on variables values are selected to get the best split to differentiate observations based on the dependent variable Once a rule is selected and splits a node into two, the same process is applied to each child node (i.e. it is a recursive procedure) Splitting stops when CART detects no further gain can be made, or some pre-set stopping rules are met. (Alternatively, the data are split as much as possible and then the tree is later pruned.) Each branch of the tree ends in a terminal node. Each observation falls into one and exactly one terminal node, and each terminal node is uniquely defined by a set of rules. [17] 5. Random Forest: Random forests or random decision forests are an ensemble learning method for classification, regression and other tasks, that operate by constructing a multitude of decision trees at training time and outputting the class that is the mode of the classes (classification) or mean prediction (regression) of the individual trees. Random decision forests correct for decision trees habit of overfitting to their training set. [18] Random Forest is variation on Bagging of decision trees by reducing the attributes available to making a tree at each decision point to a random sub-sample. This further increases the variance of the trees and more trees are required. [16] 6. This algorithm stands for â€Å"Conditional Inference Tree†. Statistics-based approach that uses non-parametric tests as splitting criteria, corrected for multiple testing to avoid overfitting. This approach results in unbiased predictor selection and does not require pruning. [19] Ctree is a non-parametric class of regression trees embedding tree-structured regression models into a well-defined theory of conditional inference procedures. It is applicable to all kinds of regression problems, including nominal, ordinal, numeric, censored as well as multivariate response variables and arbitrary measurement scales of the covariates. [20] B. Neural Network: An Artificial Neural Network, often just called a neural network, is a mathematical model inspired by biological neural networks. Neural networks are used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data. [21] A neural network is a model characterized by an activation function, which is used by interconnected information processing units to transform input into output. A neural network has always been compared to human nervous system. Information in passed through interconnected units analogous to information passage through neurons in humans. The first layer of the neural network receives the raw input, processes it and passes the processed information to the hidden layers. The hidden layer passes the information to the last layer, which produces the output. The advantage of neural network is that it is adaptive in nature. It learns from the information provided, i.e. trains itself from the data, which has a known outcome and optimizes its weights for a better prediction in situations with unknown outcome. [23] C. Naà ¯ve Bayes: The Naive Bayesian classifier is based on Bayes’ theorem with the independence assumptions between predictors. A Naive Bayesian model is easy to build, with no complicated iterative parameter estimation which makes it particularly useful for very large datasets. Despite its simplicity, the Naive Bayesian classifier often does surprisingly well and is widely used because it often outperforms more sophisticated classification methods. [24] V. RESULTS OF IMPLEMENTATION The dataset was then used to derive the results, using the various packages available in R for generating decision tree. The C5.0 algorithm applied on the dataset had the accuracy of 100%. The output after plotting the decision tree is shown in Figure 6. This tree is generated by considering all the four factors namely personality traits, their interest, market trends and pay scales. Figure 6: decision tree with all the four factors We have also generated the various trees with considering one factor at a time while applying C5.0 algorithm on the dataset. The visualization of the decision trees with â€Å"Trending job†, â€Å"P-E fit†, â€Å"Interest based†, â€Å"Pays well† are â€Å"Figure 7†, â€Å"Figure 8†, â€Å"Figure 9†, â€Å"Figure 10† respectively. Figure 7: decision tree with â€Å"Trending job† Figure 8: decision tree with â€Å"P-E fit† Figure 9: decision tree with â€Å"Interest based† Figure 10: decision tree with â€Å"Pays well† From the following graph, we can get a clear idea of the comparison of the five methods. Figure 11: accuracy with various factors Thus, this graph shows that for selecting a career of a student all the four factors are important namely personality traits, their interest, market trends and pay scales. VII. CONCLUSION This work has discussed the Holland’s theory and various data mining techniques in relation to observations indicating that some students have difficulty in determining a suitable career. As this affects their performance, productivity and satisfaction, it is critically important to understand how to find a career that fits their personality. The results generated from the employee’s data can be useful for evaluating patterns in order to determine a suitable career path for the students based on the four factors namely personality traits, interests, market trends and pay scales. 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